This article examines the portrayal of social justice and human dignity in Muhammad al-Naas's award-winning novel Bread on Uncle Milad's Table (2021) through the lens of Islamic ethical thought. The novel, which won the 2022 International Prize for Arabic Fiction, tells the story of Milad, a sensitive young man from a Libyan family of bakers who defies his society's rigid gender expectations by exchanging traditional roles with his wife, an act that subjects him to communal scorn and psychological alienation. Methodologically, this study employs a qualitative textual analysis approach, combining close reading of the novel's narrative structure, character development, and symbolic imagery with an interpretive-analytical framework derived from foundational Islamic ethical concepts, particularly karāmah (human dignity) and 'adl (social justice), as articulated in the Qur'an (especially 17:70) and classical and contemporary Islamic ethical scholarship. The analysis proceeds through thematic coding of the novel's key episodes, dialogues, and narrative interventions, examining how the text represents economic, gendered, and communal dimensions of justice and dignity. The findings reveal that the novel offers a multi-layered critique of Libyan society: first, the community systematically violates Milad's inherent human dignity by reducing his worth to his conformity to gender-based occupational roles; second, the society practices a form of economic and social injustice that contradicts Islamic principles of equitable treatment and solidarity; third, the novel exposes a fundamental gap between Islam's ethical ideals and cultural practices, demonstrating how customary norms ('urf) override authentic Islamic teachings; and fourth, through Milad's psychological suffering and eventual alienation, the narrative calls for a reclamation of the Islamic values of compassion, justice, and the inherent worth of every human being.