The representation of historical figures in textbooks—particularly in multicultural and multi-religious societies-plays a strategic role in shaping the historical and religious identity of the coming generation. The present study aims to rigorously examine how the individual and political status of the Shiite Imams, specifically Imam Ali (AS), Imam Hasan (AS), and Imam Husayn (AS), is represented in the history textbook content designated for grades seven and ten in Afghan schools. This research was conducted using a qualitative documentary content analysis method, and its data were collected and analyzed by referring to authoritative educational sources published by the Ministry of Education of Afghanistan.


It is noteworthy that this study emphasizes the necessity of a critical revision of Afghan school textbooks in order to achieve a more comprehensive and equitable narrative of Islamic history. In this regard, although the representation of the Imams is framed within the Sunni narrative and the caliphate of Imam Ali (AS), and a respectful image of them is presented, the findings indicate that the crucial issue of the Prophet's (PBUH) succession at the event of Ghadir Khumm has been entirely omitted, and in the accounts of the battles, a bias in favor of certain Companions is evident. Furthermore, the research findings show that the martyrdom of Imam Hasan and Imam Husayn (AS) is recounted with a respectful tone, and the peace treaty of Imam Hasan (AS) is interpreted as a wise measure to preserve unity among Muslims..