Document Type : Original Research Article
Author
Assistant Professor, Department of Islamic Philosophy and Mysticism, Faculty of Religions and Islamic Denominations, University of Islamic Denominations, Tehran, Iran.
10.22034/icwj.2026.596850.1063
Abstract
This article examines social despair among the contemporary younger generation — understood here as a collectively transmitted, sub-clinical erosion of future-oriented expectancy that is analytically distinct from, though empirically associated with, clinical depression, clinical anxiety, and Durkheimian anomie — and asks whether the Sunni Sufi tradition offers conceptual resources for addressing it. Focusing on the concept of rajāʾ (hope) as developed in the classical literature of Sunni Sufism, particularly in the writings of Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī, Abū al-Qāsim al-Qushayrī, and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, the study argues that rajāʾ is not a passive optimism or a wishful sentiment (tamannī) but a disciplined orientation toward the future, structured cognitively, affectively, and behaviorally, anchored in trust in divine mercy and sustained by continuous striving. The article's central and explicit contribution is a multidimensional reconstruction of rajāʾ — comprising cognitive, affective, behavioral, theological, and communal components — placed in structural, non-genealogical dialogue with Snyder's psychological hope theory and with the emerging field of Islamic psychology. The study is conceptual and textual rather than empirical or clinical: it does not test, measure, or demonstrate the therapeutic efficacy of rajāʾ, and the applied suggestions offered in its final section are presented explicitly as hypotheses for future interdisciplinary and empirical inquiry rather than as validated counseling protocols. Employing a descriptive-analytical method that distinguishes primary Sufi sources from their contemporary secondary reframings, the article situates the Qurʾanic prohibition of yaʾs (despair) and qunūṭ (despondency) as a theological and existential critique of hopelessness, while arguing that rajāʾ, properly cultivated within the specific Sunni textual tradition examined, restores agency, meaning, and communal solidarity.
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