اسلام و دنیای معاصر

اسلام و دنیای معاصر

اسلام و ملی‌گرایی در ایران؛ از تقابل تا تعامل

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی پژوهشی

نویسنده
دانشیار گروه مطالعات غرب آسیا و آفریقای شمالی، دانشکده مطالعات جهان، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
چکیده
«دین»، «ملیت» و ملی‌گرایی از مسائل همیشگی جوامع بشری با پیامدهای مثبت و منفی است. سابقه کهن دین و ملیت در ایران به‌عنوان یکی از قدیمی‌ترین کشورها، زمینه را برای ورود اندیشه‌های ناسیونالیستی در قرن 19 مساعد کرد و امروزه درهم‌تنیدگی دین، ملیت و ملی‌گرایی در ایران، آن را به پدیده‌ای چندوجهی و درهم پیچیده تبدیل کرده است. مسئلۀ اصلی این مقاله، فهم ماهیت ملی‌گراییِ ایرانی و نسبت آن با دین در ایران معاصر با تأکید بر امروز است و مروری بر سیر تاریخی آن نیز خواهد داشت. هدف اصلی مقاله تبیین مؤلفه‌ها و نسبت دین و ملی‌گرایی در ایران معاصر است. ابتدا بحثی نظری درباره «دین» و «ملی‌گرایی» مطرح شده و شبکه مفاهیم، مقومات و مؤلفه های هر کدام ارائه‌شده است. سپس نسبت دین و ملی‌گرایی در ایران امروز روی یک طیف در قالب سه جریان و نُه خرده‌جریان از بیشترین تعامل تا بیشترین تقابل و تضاد بررسی می‌شود. سه جریان اصلی عبارتند از: تقابل اسلام با ملی گرایی، تعامل اسلام و ملی گرایی، و تقابل ملی گرایی با اسلام. در ادامه به تبیین سیر و دوره های مختلف نسبت دین و ملی‌گرایی در عرصه سیاست و جامعه ایرانی طی بیش از یک سدۀ اخیر، پرداخته ایم که از ابتدای ورود ناسیونالیسم به ایران تا به امروز در قالب پنج دوره و شش شبه الگو تبیین شده است. یکی از نتایج مقاله که در پایان بدان پرداخته شده این است که ملی گرایی ایرانی اگر چه تحت تأثیر ناسیونالیسم جهانی پدید آمد اما با نمونه های غربی و عربی تفاوت اساسی داشت. ملی گرایی ایرانی هم درعلل ظهور، هم در ماهیت، هم در آثار و پیامدها، پدیده ای منحصر به خود است.
کلیدواژه‌ها
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